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chromosome

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24 March 2025 Illustration showing four stages of cell division placed along a blue 'road’ on a green background. On top of each cell division stage, there is a coloured chromosomal trace showing how its structure grows more compact as cell division proceeds.

Illustration showing four stages of cell division placed along a blue 'road’ on a green background. On top of each cell division stage, there is a coloured chromosomal trace showing how its structure grows more compact as cell division proceeds.

How chromosomes shape up for cell division

EMBL scientists have shown how overlapping loops of DNA stack upon each other in dividing cells to give rise to rod-shaped chromosomes.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2025

science-technology

21 August 2024 Three images of the cell at different stages of mitosis. In the left: round navy shape and irregular thick magenta line within it. In the middle: the same round shape with two irregular magenta shapes. On the right: Two round navy shapes connected with each other. Each of them holds shiny magenta-yellow clusters.

Three images of the cell at different stages of mitosis. In the left: round navy shape and irregular thick magenta line within it. In the middle: the same round shape with two irregular magenta shapes. On the right: Two round navy shapes connected with each other. Each of them holds shiny magenta-yellow clusters.

The forces behind chromosome repulsion and attraction during cell division

EMBL Heidelberg researchers discovered how a protein switches between repelling and gluing chromosomes during cell division. This helps the mother cell to divide the genome equally into two daughter cells and cluster chromosomes inside the daughter nuclei, ensuring a successful cell division.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2024

science-technology

8 August 2024

We are EMBL: Jana Helsen on the Bridging Excellence fellowship, chromosomal evolution, and art

EMBL-Stanford Life Science Alliance fellow Jana Helsen shares how she balanced her life between two laboratories and countries, her latest research paper, and her passion for cover art.

PEOPLE & PERSPECTIVES

2024

people-perspectives

3 June 2022 he internal structure of a mitotic chromosome is shown with colourful threads representing DNA, one of which is shown being packaged into loops by the condensin protein complex. The background shows mitotic chromosomes in the cellular space

he internal structure of a mitotic chromosome is shown with colourful threads representing DNA, one of which is shown being packaged into loops by the condensin protein complex. The background shows mitotic chromosomes in the cellular space

Shaping up the genome for cell division

Researchers have discovered the mechanism by which a family of DNA motor proteins packages loosely arranged strands of DNA into compact individual chromosomes during cell division.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2022

sciencescience-technology

2 September 2020

How to remove unwanted components from the cell nucleus

Researchers have uncovered how cells remove unwanted components from the nucleus following mitosis.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2020

sciencescience-technology

28 July 2020 Atomic model of the entire condensin complex

Atomic model of the entire condensin complex

Understanding chromosome organisation

EMBL scientists and collaborators help reveal the process by which enormous quantities of DNA are folded into cells.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2020

sciencescience-technology

28 April 2020

Dancing chromosomes

In human cells, the genetic material is packaged into 23 different DNA molecules, the chromosomes. Each chromosome is present in two copies, one inherited from the paternal sperm, and the other from the maternal egg. During most of the cell’s life, chromosomes take the shape of long,…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2020

picture-of-the-weekscience-technology

9 April 2020 3D reconstruction of parental chromosomes in the mouse embryo

3D reconstruction of parental chromosomes in the mouse embryo

How chromosome structure influences development

EMBL researchers in the Heard group at EMBL Heidelberg explore the interaction between DNA organisation and gene expression in the early embryo

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2020

sciencescience-technology

5 February 2020

Chromothripsis in human cancer

Researchers at Harvard Medical School and EMBL-EBI have carried out the largest analysis across cancer types of the newly discovered mutational phenomenon chromothripsis.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2020

sciencescience-technology

17 December 2019

Reshaping our DNA

DNA is present in each cell of our body. If all the DNA from one human cell was removed and aligned in a single strand, it would in theory add up to a total length of about two metres. In order to fit into the nucleus of a cell, DNA has to be compressed by […]

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2019

picture-of-the-weekscience-technology

24 July 2019 Stripes of colour display gene expression patterns

Stripes of colour display gene expression patterns

Transcriptional hubs confer phenotypic robustness

Enhancers in Drosophila embryos gather together to preserve phenotypes under stressful conditions

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2019

sciencescience-technology

15 July 2019

The pyramids represent chromatin domains in the wild-type situation. The reflection in the water below represents the rearrangements in the mutant fruit fly chromosomes. At first glance the (regulatory) landscapes look very similar, but there are lots of changes to the topology, and yet these have little impact on the nature of the landscape (gene expression). IMAGE: Beata Edyta Mierzwa in collaboration with EMBL.

Rearranging chromosomes

Does rearranging chromosomes affect their function? EMBL scientists reveal uncoupling of 3D chromatin organisation and gene expression.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2019

sciencescience-technology

20 June 2019 Structural biology image of the condensin complex.

Structural biology image of the condensin complex.

Intact chromosomes during cell division

The mystery of how condensin maintains the integrity of the genome during cell division.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2019

sciencescience-technology

31 January 2019 Year 2018 standing on library shelf

Year 2018 standing on library shelf

Most popular articles of the year: 2018

A collection of the most read articles from the EMBL news website in 2018

LAB MATTERS

2019

lab-matters

29 August 2018 During cell division, cohesin directly engages DNA (purple) and holds the replicated chromosome together. IMAGE: Nasser Rusan/National Institutes of Health

During cell division, cohesin directly engages DNA (purple) and holds the replicated chromosome together. IMAGE: Nasser Rusan/National Institutes of Health

Cohesin: a glue for DNA

EMBL scientists discover how a component of the cohesin ring binds DNA

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2018

sciencescience-technology

4 June 2018 New EMBL group leader Simone Köhler.

New EMBL group leader Simone Köhler.

Welcome: Simone Köhler

Which of our genes will be passed on to our children? Simone Köhler wants to find out

PEOPLE & PERSPECTIVES

2018

people-perspectivesscience

28 May 2018 In this image of developing cells, fluorescent molecules reveal DNA (blue), part of the X chromosomes (red), and the Xist RNA (white). The green colour shows a region of the cells’ nuclei called the nuclear lamina. IMAGE: Mikael Attia and Edith Heard/Institut Curie

In this image of developing cells, fluorescent molecules reveal DNA (blue), part of the X chromosomes (red), and the Xist RNA (white). The green colour shows a region of the cells’ nuclei called the nuclear lamina. IMAGE: Mikael Attia and Edith Heard/Institut Curie

The scientific origins of Edith Heard

EMBL’s next Director General reflects on the questions that drive her research

PEOPLE & PERSPECTIVES

2018

people-perspectivesscience

25 May 2018 Melina Schuh has received an EMBO Gold Medal for outstanding contributions to the life sciences in Europe.

Melina Schuh has received an EMBO Gold Medal for outstanding contributions to the life sciences in Europe.

Melina Schuh receives EMBO Gold Medal

EMBL alumna Melina Schuh recognised for excellence in science

PEOPLE & PERSPECTIVES

2018

alumnipeople-perspectives

23 May 2018 As a cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes (shown here in pink) condense, becoming more tightly coiled and easier to observe under the microscope. The faint structure in the centre is a cell nucleus in which the chromosomes are in their usual decondensed state.

As a cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes (shown here in pink) condense, becoming more tightly coiled and easier to observe under the microscope. The faint structure in the centre is a cell nucleus in which the chromosomes are in their usual decondensed state.

Exploring genetic variation

EMBL group leader Jan Korbel reflects on his scientific origins and current research

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2018

sciencescience-technology

9 April 2018 Locations of Condensins I and II on chromosomes during cell division

Locations of Condensins I and II on chromosomes during cell division

Counting condensins on chromosomes

EMBL scientists count and locate chromosomal proteins during cell duplication

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2018

sciencescience-technology

16 February 2018 New EMBL group leader Sara Cuylen-Häring will explore biophysical properties of chromosomes and other cellular assemblies.

New EMBL group leader Sara Cuylen-Häring will explore biophysical properties of chromosomes and other cellular assemblies.

Welcome: Sara Cuylen-Häring

New EMBL group leader explores biophysical properties of chromosomes and other cellular assemblies

PEOPLE & PERSPECTIVES

2018

people-perspectivesscience

13 December 2017 New research reveals that without cohesin (pictured here), the chromosomes in mouse liver cells still folded on the mega-base scale but didn’t form large-scale compartments

New research reveals that without cohesin (pictured here), the chromosomes in mouse liver cells still folded on the mega-base scale but didn’t form large-scale compartments

Chromosomes don’t need key protein for all their folds

New research reveals that two different mechanisms are responsible for chromosome folding

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2017

sciencescience-technology

5 October 2017

Looping the loops: how chromosomes form

EMBL researchers and collaborators unravel how chromosomes form

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2017

sciencescience-technology

18 August 2011 Circling chromosomes. Chromosomes (blue) form a ‘belt’ around the centre of the spindle (green), discovered by the EMBL scientists.

Circling chromosomes. Chromosomes (blue) form a ‘belt’ around the centre of the spindle (green), discovered by the EMBL scientists.

Fishing games gone wrong

When an egg cell is being formed, the cellular machinery which separates chromosomes is extremely imprecise at fishing them out of the cell’s interior, scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany, have discovered. The unexpected degree of trial-and-error…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2011

sciencescience-technology

17 June 2011 Condensin loops around several strands of DNA, keeping it coiled up and easier to transport. (Artistic impression) Image credits: EMBL/ P. Riedinger

Condensin loops around several strands of DNA, keeping it coiled up and easier to transport. (Artistic impression) Image credits: EMBL/ P. Riedinger

Keeping it together

As any rock-climber knows, trailing a long length of rope behind you is not easy. A dangling length of rope is unwieldy and hard to manoeuvre, and can get tangled up or stuck on an outcropping. Cells face the same problem when dragging chromosomes apart during cell division. The chromosomes are…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2011

sciencescience-technology

20 March 2011

The informant: a jumping gene

Scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany, have developed a new method for studying gene regulation, by employing a jumping gene as an informant. Published online today in Nature Genetics, the new method is called GROMIT. It enables researchers to…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2011

sciencescience-technology

30 May 2008

X chromosome exposed

Researchers from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany, and the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) in Hinxton, UK, have revealed new insights into how sex chromosomes are regulated. A chromatin modifying enzyme helps compensate for the fact that…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2008

sciencescience-technology

9 August 2007

A unique arrangement for egg cell division

Which genes are passed on from mother to child is decided very early on during the maturation of the egg cell in the ovary. In a cell division process that is unique to egg cells, half of the chromosomes are eliminated from the egg before it is fertilised. Using a powerful microscope, researchers…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2007

sciencescience-technology

10 June 2007

Researchers shed light on shrinking of chromosomes

A human cell contains an enormous 1.8 metres of DNA partitioned into 46 chromosomes. These have to be copied and distributed equally into two daughter cells at every division. Condensation, the shortening of chromosomes, allows the cell to handle such huge amounts of genetic material during cell…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2007

sciencescience-technology

16 March 2006

A balancing act between the sexes

Recent research at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) reveals new insights into how cells achieve equality between the sexes. A new link discovered between the membrane surrounding the nucleus and the male X-chromosome in fruit flies may play a crucial role in determining how active…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2006

sciencescience-technology

13 July 2005

Actin moves chromosomes

Microtubules need a helping hand to find chromosomes in dividing egg cells, scientists have discovered. Although it was generally accepted that microtubules act alone as the cellular ropes to pull chromosomes into place, a new study by researchers at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)…

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2005

sciencescience-technology

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